The arab states of the persian gulf are the seven arab states which border the persian gulf, namely bahrain, kuwait, iraq, oman, qatar, saudi arabia and the united arab emirates uae. The invasion of kuwait on 2 august 1990 was a twoday operation conducted by iraq against the neighboring state of kuwait, which resulted in the sevenmonthlong iraqi occupation of the country. University of texas center for middle eastern studies ucla middle east resources. During and after the first gulf war, the size and perceived capabilities of iraqi military forces, combined with the evident hostility the. The focus on isis and terrorism deals with only one key aspect of the threats in the gulf.
In the gulf war of 19901991, when the coalition intervened, they faced the worlds fourth largest air force to combat. The us, despite an announced defense cutback at the end of the cold war, bene. Qatar, a small peninsular country in the persian gulf, emerged as a partner of the united states in the mid1990s and currently serves as host to major u. In the gulf war of 19901991, when the coalition intervened, they faced the world s fourth largest air force to combat. A large proportion of world petroleum reserves are to be found in the greater middle east. Turkey is sometimes considered part of the middle east, sometimes part of. Use arabian gulf only in direct quotations and explain in the text that the body of water is more commonly known as the persian gulf. Saddams horrible aggression led to the gulf war, fragmenting the arab world and creating lasting divisions summary on aug. Saddam has built on not created an attitude already inculcated into the elite and the people. The arab gulf collection of exeter university catalogues, documentation on gulf states, holdings of the centre for arab gulf studies. The effects of the gulf war on the arab gulf are still there. This chapter presents an assessment of the gulf war.
The gulf war 19901991 and the study of international. Political dimensions of the gulf crisis oxford institute for energy. Apr 20, 2020 saddams horrible aggression led to the gulf war, fragmenting the arab world and creating lasting divisions summary on aug. At the end of the iraniraq war of 19801988, iraq emerged with its state intact and a reinforced sense of national pride, but laden with massive debts. Ir theory in practice case study university of alberta. The gulf war center for strategic and international studies. That war took place almost twenty years ago, in 1991.
A research planning conference, sponsored by the centers for disease control and prevention in coordination with the office of public health and science department of health and human. This is the alliance doing virtually all of the fighting, backing hadi against the houthis in the civil war in yemen. The middle east holds a very iarge proportion of the worlds proven oil reserves. The second was the arab maghrib union amu, composed of the five arab states of north africa. The arab league the arab league whose official name is the league of arab states las is a regional organization of arab states. During the 1950s60s, arab nationalists and communists challenged british hegemony in the gulf domestically and internationally, placing. Continuity and change bruce maddyweitzman the carter center november 1991 table of contents 1. Persian gulf war word search and printable vocabulary. After the second world war, it helped develop these countries into modern states. Saudi political leadership was challenged when iraq, after having rejected attempted saudi mediation, reasserted its earlier claims and invaded neighbouring kuwait on august 2, 1990, precipitating the persian gulf war 199091.
It examines the wars origins, the war itself, its impact within the arab world, and its longterm impact on. Because war as production and a form of class struggle is a furnace of surplusvalue creation, the imperialist historical bent is to envisage the sort of development that leads to more war. In fact, many historians would say that human civilization itself was born in the fertile crescentthe land between the tigris and euphrates rivers in modernday iraq. Jump into the complex and controversial military operation that saw the united states act to topple the regime of dictator saddam hussein.
Chapter four sources of conflict in the greater middle east. The very least that the gulf states can consider acceptable as an outcome to the syrian conflict is the limitation of irans ambitions in the arab world and the regional containment of tehran. Following the invasion of kuwait, the united arab emirates condemned the iraqi aggression, supported kuwaiti independence and rapidly opened all of its airports for coalition use. Krause the paper represents the personal opinions of the authors and should not be taken to represent the views of the department of the army, the department of defense, the institute of land warfare, the association of the united states army or its members. Mar 06, 2014 the gulf war gulf war conflict waged by coalition force from 34 nations led by the united states against iraq in response to iraqs invasion and annexation occupation of kuwait. The soviet unions active involvement in the middle east began in the mid1950s, and soon resulted in an intense rivalry with the united states. A second wave of immigration started after world war ii, and still continues. Gulf war following the invasion of kuwait, the united arab emirates condemned the iraqi aggression, supported kuwaiti independence and rapidly opened all of its airports for coalition use.
By 1984 it renewed its diplomatic relations with the united states which it severed in 1967 as a result of the israeliarab conflict. Basic facts about oil and gas in the arab world arabia. Turkish straits were a main reason russia joined world war i. The gulf war constituted a significant historical milestone, despite the fact that it did not bring peace or stability to the middle east, alter the world s dependence upon oil, or usher in an era of either prolonged american dominance or global consensus on the rules of international relations and how they were to be conducted. Saudi arabia the persian gulf war and its aftermath. Additionally, ports and shipyards facilities in the uae were made available for the deployment of coalition forces. Basic facts about oil and gas in the arab world arabia, the. Iraq and kuwait are arab countries located next to each other in the heart of the oilrich middle east, a region of the world steeped in history. While the formal reinstitution of egypt in the arab fold occurred gradually between 1987 and 1990, the gulf crisis provided the real rehabilitation of sadat in the arab world, as arabs who participated in the coalition against iraq developed a newfound appreciation for sadats policies of alignment with the west, reconciliation with israel and. Arab countries hold more proven oil reserves than any other region 7. The very least that the gulf states can consider acceptable as an outcome to the syrian conflict is the limitation of irans ambitions in. Periods of war and dates of recent conflicts congressional research service 3 below over which day is the official victory in europe day ve day6 and victory over japan day. In postclassical history, the arab world was synonymous with the historic arab empires and caliphates. The gulf war 2 august 1990 28 february 1991, codenamed operation desert shield 2 august 1990 17 january 1991 for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of saudi arabia and operation desert storm 17 january 1991 28 february 1991 in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the united states against iraq in response to iraqs.
The gulf war, also known as operation desert storm or the first gulf war, was a unauthorized coalition campaign led by the united states in response to saddam husseins invasion and annexation of neighboring kuwait. The sixmember gulf cooperation council gcc, composed of saudi arabia and the smaller arab principalities along the gulf, had been created in 1981. Background iraq claimed that kuwait territory historically belongs to them. Cordesmans book, the gulf war, was published in october 1994, and was the first comprehensive analysis of the strategic and military lessons of the gulf war. The middle east after the iraq war rand project air force rand project air force paf, a division of the rand corporation, is the u. While israel did not take part in the war from a military standpoint, the home front was bombarded with scud missiles from iraq after hussein followed through on threats to. Sep 15, 20 read cnn s fast facts about the 19901991 persian gulf war, an international conflict codenamed operation desert shield and operation desert storm. At the time, more than 500,000 foreigners performed most of the work in kuwait. It is composed of the states located in north and northeast africa and middle east. Paf provides the air force with independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development. The uae armed forces participated in the coalition with an army battalion along with a squadron of. Many research papers, prepared for members of parliament, are available to the public in.
A strategic analysis of the gulf warfu unclassified a 8 0 a. Saudi arabia saudi arabia the persian gulf war and its aftermath. The iraniraq war turned out to be a defining feature of irangulf arab relations throughout the 1980s. The gulf war 1990199 and th1e study of international relations fred halliday. Iraqs longterm ambitions to control the persian gulf and rule the arab world go back to the 1930s, when iraqi ideologists began portraying their country as the prussia of the middle east. Persian gulf war, also called gulf war, 199091, international conflict that was triggered by iraq s invasion of kuwait on august 2, 1990. Though debates over who won or lost the cold war would inevitably ensue, it was clear to many that the. Streamlined for easy instructional use, each worksheet in this set even the word jumble comes with a convenient teacher answer key for quick correcting. In 1981, the five smaller states of the gulfbahrain, kuwait, oman, qatar, and the uaejoined with saudi arabia in what was billed a security and political alliance, known as the gulf cooperation council gcc. Unlike previous studies, which concentrated primarily on the diplomatic and policy decisions affecting the war, or decisions at the high command level, cordesman. Iraq accused kuwait of exceeding its opec quotas for oil production. The united states also disliked iraqi support for many arab and palestinian militant groups such as abu.
Gulf war, middle east, world politics 1989, persian gulf war 1991, persian gulf war, 1991, persian gulf war, 1991 miscellanea, world politics, politics and government, internationale politiek, golfoorlog 1991, middle east politics and government 1979publisher london. During that war a large amount of oil was released, approximately 10. Iranian revolution in 1979, the iraqtran war in 198088, and now, in 1990. Oil reserves in the gcc countries bahrain, kuwait, oman. The eastern part of the arab world is known as the mashriq, and the western part as the maghreb. A number of arab countries, including algeria, egypt, iraq, libya, south yemen, and syria, were, for.
The arab leagues involvement in the gulf war 19901991. Persian gulf war, also called gulf war, 199091, international conflict that was triggered by iraqs invasion of kuwait on august 2, 1990. The kuwaiti government fled to saudi arabia, and king fahd denounced the iraqi invaders. The war also led to a long obsession with saddam hussein that culminated in a second, far longer, americanled war with iraq. A series of not so relevant governments came and went unsuccessfully until 1960. Though the persian gulf war was initially considered an unqualified success for the international coalition, simmering conflict in the troubled region led to. More about war casualties world reaction iraq went from the fourthlargest army in the world to the secondlargest army in iraq in 100 hours lieutenant general tom kelly on aug. Qatar holds the thirdlargest proven natural gas reserves in the world, and is the largest exporter of liquefied natural gas. The postcrisis phase, consisting of the persian gulf war, ceasefire, and ongoing attempts to force iraq to fully comply with all united nations resolutions, has provided the setting for the next.
It examines the wars origins, the war itself, its impact within the arab world, and its longterm impact on military affairs and international relations. On 19 january 1991, the oil that was contained in five tankers was released into the gulf by the iraqi military. The nuclear agreement with iran has eased one key aspect of military confrontation in the region, but there still are major military risks in terms of irans influence over other states like iraq, syria, and lebanon. The gulf war and the new world order social history portal. Collection of iraqi documents translated and made available by the conflict records research center about the 1980 to 1988 conflict also known as the first persian gulf war. All of these nations except iraq are part of the gulf cooperation council gcc, and prefer to use the term arabian gulf rather than the historical name of the persian gulf. Though the persian gulf war was initially considered an unqualified success for the international coalition, simmering conflict in the troubled region led to a second gulf warknown as the iraq. War, the 19901991 gulf war draws some origins from the iraqiraq war. In the opening days of the war, many airair engagements occurred, where iraqi interceptors would engage coalition aircraft. Air forces federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses. This is a list of all known airtoair engagements that occurred during the gulf war. Pdf as the effects of the arab spring continue to reverberate across the middle east, the world now looks for new ways to assess the. Iraqs leader, saddam hussein, ordered the invasion and occupation of kuwait with the apparent aim of acquiring that nations large oil reserves, canceling a large debt iraq owed kuwait, and expanding iraqi power in the region.
War, britain controlled the exploitation of gulf oil and established airfields linking britain with its colonies in asia. The gulf crisi of 1990199s 1 was by an, y standards, one o thf e more significant international crise osf the post1945 epoch. The arab world after desert storm united states institute of. The arab world consists of 22 countries in the middle east and north africa. The gulf war of 199091 was the largest american military involvement since vietnam, the first major international event of the postcold war world, a turning point in the conflictual international politics of the middle east and a ratification of the fact that the united states and. Gulf war canadian armed forces history veterans affairs. The gulf states alone account for 65 percent of proven world oil reserves, and despite changing patterns of demand and consumption over the past two decades, almost 35 percent of the industrialized world s oil supply came from the gulf in 1994. Over the course of eight years of war between iraq and iran, an egyptianiraqi. Development under the threat of war in the arab world. Persian gulf war, conflict 199091 triggered by iraqs invasion of kuwait with the apparent aim of acquiring its large oil reserves, canceling a large debt owed to kuwait, and expanding iraqi regional power. In the arab world, there has been almost zero investment since the 1980s in longterm agricultural or industrial sectors that respond to the needs of the. If you tell your class that today, we are going to study the first persian gulf war, you will get an unenthusiastic response. The gulf war 19901991, also known as the persian gulf war, was prompted by the invasion of kuwait by iraq as ordered by saddam hussein see the fact file below for more information on the gulf war or alternatively, you can download our 23page gulf war worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment.
Drug touted by trump as covid19 treatment tied to increased risk of death. Since iraqs defeat, kuwaitis have rebuilt their country with labor from outside the arab world, while counting on the united states for protection. This invasion and iraqs subsequent refusal to withdraw from kuwait by a deadline mandated by the united nations 16 led to military intervention by a. For many in the region, kuwait was seen as little more than an american dependency, and defiance of israels ally america was righteous in many arabs eyes. Mar, 20 arab countries hold more proven oil reserves than any other region 7. The interarab system and the gulf war the carter center. On saddam s vie w of iraq s role in the gulf and the arab world. The gulf w ar 2 august 1990 28 february 1991, codenamed operation desert shield 2 august 1990 17 january 1991 for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of saudi arabia and operation desert storm 17 january 1991 28 february 1991 in its combat phase, wa s a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the united states against iraq in response to iraqs. Iraqs standing as a sunni shield against the power of resurgent shiite iran made many arab states loath to confront him directly. The initiative for the establishment of the organisation was initially proposed by the british in 1942 who. The communist trend had surfaced after world war ii and was the largest influential political force in iraq. In many ways the gulf war has been a disaster for the arab world says the author of this factfilled, carefully balanced, and yet provocative study.